Liu Luying, 74, Huangmen Village

Liu Luying, 74, Huangmen Village.

Liu comes from a village three miles away, but moved here at 18 when she had an arranged marriage. “Whether you like your husband or not it doesn’t matter,” she says. Her husband died nine years ago and she has 10 grandchildren, from her four children. One of her grandsons is a baker in Shanghai. She says she has never had one of his cakes. At right is a washing basin, a fixture in most rural houses that don’t have running water.

Ma Xiyang, 12, Jin Fen’er, 63, Shanmen Village

Ma Xiyang, 12, and Jin Fen’er, 63, Shanmen Village.

Jin’s son, Xiyang’s father, is mentally ill and recently cracked his skull open in a bad fall. He has been bedridden for a month. Jin has to look after both of them with barely any income. Her husband farms and was away spraying pesticides in their fields, half an hour outside of the village. They also produce honey, which they sell for 60 RMB per kilogram. At right are stacks of firewood and straw for the family to sell.

Li Shutao, 90, Dashi Village

Li Shutao, 90, Dashi Village.

Li has 20 grandchildren, most of them migrant workers. In his youth, Li traveled by rail on train car roofs from county to county, following the harvest season and working on farms. He traveled all the way to the neighboring province of Shaanxi, the farthest he has ever traveled. During the Great Leap Famine (1959-1961), Li urged his sons to leave the village and go and beg for food in Shaanxi. He told them to pretend to be mute in hopes that would make it easier for them to board trains for free.